The 20 Best Apoplexy Doctors near North Richland Hills, TX

Brendan Reagan, M.D., is originally from Ruston, La. He obtained his undergraduate degree in biomedical engineering from Texas A&M University and and his medical degree from Louisiana State University at New Orleans, where he was a member of the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society. He completed his internal medicine residency and general cardiology fellowship at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tenn. He stayed an additional year at Vanderbilt to receive formal training in coronary and peripheral vascular intervention.Reagan is board-certified in internal medicine and cardiovascular disease. His clinical interests include general cardiology, coronary interventions with a special interest in transradial access (cardiac cath performed via artery in the wrist instead of more traditional femoral artery), and peripheral interventions.Reagan is married and has four children. In his free time, he enjoys spending time with his family, running, reading, and watching or playing most sports. Dr. Reagan is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Apoplexy, Heart Attack, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), and Aortic Valve Replacement.

Dr. Ahmed Shakir brings in-depth clinical and teaching experience in neurosurgery to Texas Health Neurosurgery and Spine Specialists. He is board-certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery and is fellowship-trained in spine surgery from Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville. Dr. Shakir received his medical degree from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas before going on to complete his neurological surgery residency training at Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, GA. He has also worked as a clinical assistant professor in the Department of Neurosurgery at The University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio.Dr. Shakir’s special interests include spinal trauma, spinal oncology and degenerative spine disorders. He is a member of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Dr. Shakir is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Stroke, Subdural Hematoma, Chronic Subdural Hematoma, Laminectomy, and Gastrostomy.

Dr. Moneeb Ehtesham is a fellowship-trained neurosurgeon with specialized expertise in cerebrovascular/endovascular neurosurgery and complex spinal surgery. He has served in teaching and senior academic research and leadership capacities for over two decades. Dr. Ehtesham currently serves as an Associate Professor at the TCU Burnett School of Medicine. His areas of special focus include open and endovascular surgery for aneurysms and other cerebrovascular conditions as well as spinal surgery. Additionally, he has been recognized for his research in the areas of stem cell therapies and brain tumors. He was a recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons.Dr. Ehtesham completed his neurological surgery residency at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, where he served as chief resident in his final year. He also completed his neurointerventional/ endovascular neurosurgery fellowship at Vanderbilt. Dr. Ehtesham is a Diplomate of the American Board of Neurological Surgery and a Fellow of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the American College of Surgeons. Dr. Ehtesham is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Stroke, Subdural Hematoma, Laminectomy, and Transmyocardial Revascularization.

Dr. Cyrus Wong is board-certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery and a Fellow of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (FAANS). After previously serving for years as the Division Chief of Neurosurgery at Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth, he is currently Chair of the Department of Neurosciences, overseeing the three divisions of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Neuro-Intensive care. Dr. Wong is also the longstanding Medical Director of Spinal Deformity and Complex Spine Surgery. In addition, he is a member of Texas Health Fort Worth’s Medical Executive Committee and Operations Cabinet, and previously served on its Ethics Council. Dr. Wong is involved in neurosurgical research and medical education as Assistant Professor at Texas Christian University School of Medicine and has been recognized as a “Top Doc” in Neurosurgery by Fort Worth Magazine and 360West Magazine over multiple years.Dr. Wong completed his residency in neurosurgery and fellowship training in complex spinal surgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville. He received his medical degree from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, where he played a part in the development of a novel brainstem tumor model.Dr. Wong has authored several chapters in widely published textbooks and presented at national and international conferences on the topic of spinal disease and its treatment. His unique expertise in spinal surgery includes the treatment of adult spinal deformity/scoliosis, complex spinal reconstruction, spinal tumors, as well as minimally invasive spine surgery. He also treats benign and malignant brain tumors.Dr. Wong is a Diplomate of the American Board of Neurological Surgery and a Fellow Member of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), as well as a member of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), AANS/CNS Joint Spine Section, AO Spine, and the North American Spine Society. Dr. Wong is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Subdural Hematoma, Scoliosis, Chronic Subdural Hematoma, Laminectomy, and Microdiscectomy.

"Dr. Olaide Ajayi is board-certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgeons and is a Fellow of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. He is the Medical Director of Spine Surgery at Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital in Fort Worth.Dr. Ajayi completed his Neurosurgery Residency as well as a Complex and Minimally Invasive Spine Fellowship at Loma Linda University Medical Center in Southern California. He also received his Medical Doctorate from the same institution. He has authored and contributed to many peer review publications on various neurosurgical and spine related topics.His areas of special focus include the surgical management of degenerative scoliosis, spine tumors, spine trauma, complex and minimally invasive spine surgery, and degenerative spine disease. Dr. Ajayi takes a comprehensive approach in the management of spinal disease, utilizing conservative treatment options when feasible, as well as minimally invasive and complex reconstructive approaches when necessary.Dr. Ajayi is a member of the North American Spine Society (NASS), American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) and AANS/CNS Joint Spine Section.WATCH NOW:</h5>Patient Testimonial: North Texas Neurosurgical & Spine Center (Dr. Ajayi)</a>". Dr. Ajayi is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Subdural Hematoma, Chronic Subdural Hematoma, Delirium, Microdiscectomy, and Cervical Disc Surgery.

Dr. Harvey is a board-certified neurosurgeon with fellowship training in complex spine surgery. He also completed a one-year fellowship in neurosurgical oncology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Dr. Harvey's area of special focus is the treatment of brain and spine tumors with additional interest in spinal cord trauma. He is an Arizona native who received his medical degree from the Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine at Midwestern University in Glendale before completing his residency training in neurosurgery at the University of Illinois in Bloomington. As part of his residency, Harvey completed his complex spine fellowship at the University of Illinois Peoria. In addition to practicing medicine, he is a Major in the United States Army Reserve Medical Corps. He speaks Finnish and some Spanish. Dr. Harvey is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Subdural Hematoma, Chronic Subdural Hematoma, Delirium, Awake Craniotomy, and Bone Graft.

Neurosurgeon Anita Bhansali, M.D., is fellowship-trained in functional neurosurgery from the esteemed Swedish Neuroscience Institute, which is a leader in the comprehensive clinical care of neurological disorders. She is a Fellow of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Dr. Bhansali's areas of specialization include the evaluation and treatment of functional neurosurgical disorders such as epilepsy, movement disorders, and pain syndromes. Her additional areas of special interest and focus include the treatment of cervical spine instability and degenerative spine disease, and deep brain and nerve stimulation for Parkinson's disease and other neurological conditions.Dr. Bhansali earned her medical degree at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle. She completed her neurological surgery residency at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Illinois before going on to complete her fellowship training at the Swedish Neuroscience Institute, also in Seattle. She is published in numerous medical journals and publications on a wide variety of topics in neurosurgery. Dr. Bhansali is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. Her top areas of expertise are Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Chronic Subdural Hematoma, Delirium, Deep Brain Stimulation, and Gastrostomy.

Dr. Nathan Lo, M.D., was born in Edison, N.J. He received his undergraduate degree from Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., graduating Summa Cum Laude with a major in biochemistry and a minor in English. After earning his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in Pennsylvania, he completed internship and residency training in internal medicine at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. He then completed a cardiovascular disease fellowship at Washington University in St Louis, Mo., and an advanced fellowship in interventional cardiology at Duke University in Durham, N.C.Dr. Lo is board-certified in internal medicine, cardiovascular disease, and adult comprehensive echocardiography. He has published multiple book chapters and journal articles on various topics within interventional cardiology in the American Journal of Cardiology, the Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Interventions, and other prestigious publications. His areas of special interest include clinical cardiology, echocardiography, diagnostic angiography, and coronary and endovascular interventions. Dr. Lo is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Aortic Regurgitation, Pediatric Myocarditis, Necrosis, Heart Attack, and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI).

Tyler Bloomer, M.D., is originally from Plano. He obtained his undergraduate degree in biomedical science from Texas A&M University and his medical degree from The University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, where he was a member of the Alpha Omega Alpha honor medical society. He also holds a master's degree in clinical research management from the University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth.Dr. Bloomer completed his internal medicine residency and general cardiology fellowship at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. He remained at Vanderbilt for an advanced fellowship in interventional cardiology where he received specialized training in coronary, peripheral, and structural heart disease interventions. During his time at Vanderbilt, he received Vanderbilt's Cardiovascular Medicine Rhodes Scholarship Award for his research and academic achievements.Dr. Bloomer is board-certified in internal medicine and cardiovascular disease and is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. Furthermore, he has authored numerous research articles within the field of cardiology that have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of American College of Cardiology, and Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions.His clinical areas of interest include adult general cardiology and non-invasive and invasive management of ischemic and valvular heart disease. He also specializes in catheter-based treatments for patients such as transradial coronary interventions, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), and peripheral interventions.Dr. Bloomer is married and has three children. In his free time, he enjoys spending time with family and friends, reading, and is an avid outdoorsman. Dr. Bloomer is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Aortic Valve Stenosis, Heart Attack, Mitral Stenosis, Aortic Valve Replacement, and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR).

Srinivas N. Paranandi, M.D., is the director of the Imaging Center at the Cardiac & Vascular Center of North Texas. He is fellowship-trained in Cardiovascular Disease and Interventional Cardiology. He completed his medical training in internal medicine, cardiology and interventional cardiology at the world-renowned Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, which is recognized and ranked as the nation's top hospital in heart care by U.S. News & World Report</em> for the past couple of decades. After several years of medical practice in Ohio, Dr. Paranandi moved to Texas at the end of 1999.He is board-certified in eight different specialties including Interventional Cardiology, Cardiovascular Disease, and Internal Medicine by the American Board of Internal Medicine; CT Angiography by the Certification Board of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Echocardiography by the National Board of Echocardiography; Nuclear Cardiology by the Certification Board of Nuclear Cardiology; and Peripheral Vascular Medicine and Peripheral Endovascular Intervention by the American Board of Vascular Medicine. He remains up-to-date in all these medical specialty areas by maintaining current recertifications.Dr. Paranandi's clinical interests and efforts have expanded his professional expertise to include diagnostic imaging (CT, Echo, Nuclear Cardiology) and peripheral vascular medicine and interventions. He was involved in clinical research, and was a principal investigator for the SAPPHIRE I/II clinical trials that involved carotid stenting.He believes in evidence-based, patient centric, compassionate clinical care and has been recognized as most compassionate doctor several times.Dr. Paranandi has a strong commitment to providing quality medical care and is a member of various quality improvement and peer review committees within Texas Health. Dr. Paranandi is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Pediatric Myocarditis, Hypertensive Heart Disease, Necrosis, and Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT).

Dr. Rahul Rao has been involved in research and care in the field of neurology since 2017. He is fellowship-trained in vascular neurology and interventional neurology with clinical focus in the areas of seizures, stroke and other neurological disorders. Dr. Rao uses advanced and minimally invasive therapies and surgical interventions for the brain and spine, including revascularization and thrombectomy to encourage blood flow. He serves as a co-investigator on many clinical trials in neurology to promote advancement in the care of patients with acute and life-threatening neurological conditions.Dr. Rao earned his medical degree from Tulane University Medical School in New Orleans, La. He completed his internal medicine and neurology residencies while at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Pennsylvania. Dr. Rao went on to complete his fellowship training in vascular neurology and interventional neurology through ProMedica Toledo Hospital and the University of Toledo Medical Center in Ohio. He is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, Society of Neurointerventional Surgery, and Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. Dr. Rao is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Stroke, Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Subdural Hematoma, and Thrombectomy.

Dr. Nitin Kulkarni grew up in northeastern North Carolina, but has called North Texas home since 2013. He is board-certified in internal medicine, cardiology, and cardiac electrophysiology, and fellowship-trained in cardiology and cardiac electrophysiology.Dr. Kulkarni earned his medical degree from Boston University School of Medicine, where he was inducted into the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society in 2010. He completed his internal medicine internship and residency at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City before making his way to Texas. He received his fellowship training at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. At the completion of his fellowship training, , Dr. Kulkarni was honored with the Jo Ann McWhorter Award for embodying integrity, leadership and excellence in medicine. Upon graduation, he was recruited to stay on as faculty as Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine in the Division of Cardiology at UT Southwestern. During his tenure, he had the pleasure of taking care of our nation’s veterans at the Dallas Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, and mentoring medical students, internal medicine residents, and cardiology fellows. Dr. Kulkarni’s areas of special focus as a clinician, researcher and teacher is in the treatment of patients with heart rhythm disorders, such as supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. In addition to performing cardiac ablation procedures for the management of these conditions, he also has expertise in implanting pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization devices. He has written and spoke on a variety of topics in electrophysiology, including the treatment of atrial fibrillation, the evaluation of syncope, and the management of patients with pacemakers and defibrillators. Dr. Kulkarni is a member of the American College of Cardiology and Heart Rhythm Society. Dr. Kulkarni is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Sick Sinus Syndrome, Pulmonary Edema, Arrhythmias, Pacemaker Implantation, and Cardiac Ablation.

Samuel A. Nussbaumer, M.D., is a former chief of the Department of Internal Medicine at Texas Health Harris Methodist HEB Hospital. He graduated with honors from the University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine. He completed his internal medicine training at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, followed by his cardiology fellowship at Baylor University Medical Center. His medical interests include interventional cardiology (including coronary and carotid intervention), and transesophageal echocardiography.He is board-certified in Cardiovascular Disease, Internal Medicine, and Interventional Cardiology by the American Board of Internal Medicine. Dr. Nussbaumer is fellowship-trained in Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Nussbaumer is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Pediatric Myocarditis, Necrosis, Apoplexy, Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia (IST), and Pacemaker Implantation.

"Neeraj Badhey, M.D., has trained extensively at some of the top ranked universities and Hospitals both nationally and internationally. During his time at UT Southwestern and the VA hospital in Dallas he has participated in over 35 clinical trials and research studies involving the latest technology and science. These studies ranged from Interventional Cardiology device trials to pharmacotherapy trials.Dr. Badhey is extensively published in peer reviewed journals and has been an invited speaker and has given numerous subject matter expert talks both nationally and internationally. He has been interviewed and featured on television and voted as ""Top Doc"" by his physician peers. He sits on multiple boards and executive committees within the hospital system. Dr. Badhey treats his patients and families with upmost respect and involving them with their healthcare decision making. He always believes that medicine is an art and it is important to present the patient with all potential options for treatment. With heart disease as the No. 1 killer in this country, he has a strong interest in preventing heart disease but is also an expert in advanced interventional and therapeutic treatments for more established and complex heart disease. Dr. Badhey incorporates the latest medical technology and research into taking care of his patients.Dr. Badhey is board-certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine, American Board of Cardiovascular Diseases, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Certification Board of Nuclear Cardiology and the American Board of Interventional Cardiology. He has advanced fellowship training in interventional and general cardiology.". Dr. Badhey is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Atrial Fibrillation, Necrosis, Glucocorticoid-Remediable Aldosteronism, and Hypertension.

Timothy Hadden, M.D., is originally from Lawton, Okla. He received his medical degree from the University of Oklahoma in Norman and completed an internal medicine residency at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. He received his general cardiology training at the Texas Heart Institute/Baylor program in Houston, and stayed an additional year to receive formal training in coronary and peripheral vascular intervention.Hadden is board-certified in internal medicine, cardiovascular diseases and interventional cardiology. He is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology and Society of Coronary Angiography and Interventions.He is married and has three children and two dogs. He places a high priority on his family, and is active in the local ministries of McKinney Bible Church, Bible Study Fellowship, and Young Life. Dr. Hadden is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Angina, Atherosclerosis, Coronary Heart Disease, Angioplasty, and Heart Bypass Surgery.

Scott E. Ewing, DO is board-certified in Internal Medicine, General Cardiology and Interventional Cardiology. Dr. Ewing is a native Texan, born and raised in Dallas.  He attended Southern Methodist University and received a BS in Mechanical Engineering.  Dr. Ewing attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received a MS in Mechanical Engineering. He was an engineer at Texas Instruments - Dallas for many years, working in defense systems.  Dr. Ewing returned to college and graduated from the University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine in Fort Worth.  He completed post-graduate training in Internal Medicine, General Cardiology and Interventional Cardiology and is an interventional cardiologist on the medical staff at Baylor Scott & White Heart and Vascular Hospital - Fort Worth. Dr. Ewing is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Atrial Fibrillation, Apoplexy, Angina, Pulmonary Edema, and Pacemaker Implantation.

Ishwara Sankara is an Internal Medicine provider in Fort Worth, Texas. Dr. Sankara is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Stroke, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Apoplexy, and Subdural Hematoma.

Justin Martin, M.D., is originally from Wichita Falls. He obtained his undergraduate degree from the University of Texas at Austin, and his medical degree from the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, where he was a member of Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society and graduated as the class Valedictorian. He completed his medical internship and residency at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, and his general cardiology fellowship at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.Martin subsequently moved to Kansas City, where he received specialized training in percutaneous coronary and peripheral vascular intervention (balloon and stent angioplasty to open blocked arteries in the heart, legs, kidneys and neck) at the Mid America Heart Institute.Martin is board-certified in internal medicine, cardiovascular disease, and interventional cardiology. He is also a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. His professional interests are related to the non-invasive and invasive management of peripheral arterial and coronary artery disease.Martin is married and has two children. He enjoys running, cooking and spending time with his family. Dr. Martin is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Apoplexy, Heart Attack, Necrosis, Aortic Regurgitation, and Atherectomy.

Dr. Gurpreet (Gary) Baweja has been caring for patients’ hearts as a board-certified interventional cardiologist since 1998 and has been a trusted resource in the Fort Worth community since 2007. He has additional training and board certification in cardiovascular diseases, nuclear cardiology, and echocardiography. Dr. Baweja received advanced cardiac imaging training, including Level III certification in echocardiography (essential training required to be a clinical lab director) and cardiac CT. He is also board-eligible in vascular medicine to perform endovascular procedures.Dr. Baweja currently holds several leadership positions within Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth, including chairman of Cardiovascular Services, director of Invasive Cardiology and the Cardiac Catheterization Lab, and cardiology sub-specialty director for the hospital’s Internal Medicine Residency Program. He is an active participant and lead investigator in trials involving cardiovascular disease, medications, and devices. His clinical expertise includes cardiac catheterization, complex percutaneous coronary and peripheral endovascular interventions, carotid stenting, left atrial closures using the Watchman procedure, and PFO/ASD closures. Dr. Baweja earned his medical degree from King George’s Medical College in India. He completed his internal medicine residency at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University in Brooklyn, N.Y., and his fellowship training in cardiovascular diseases and interventional cardiology at the University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center in Tucson. Dr. Baweja is a Fellow of the American Society of Echocardiography, American College of Cardiology, and Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Away from the office, he enjoys spending time with his family, exploring new destinations as a globe-trotting traveler, and perfecting his swing as an avid golfer. Dr. Baweja is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. His top areas of expertise are Heart Attack, Arterial Embolism, Carotid Artery Disease, Arterial Insufficiency, and Atherectomy.

Nina Asrani, M.D., was born in the Bronx, N.Y., but grew up in Fort Worth. She received her bachelor's degree from Rice University in Houston as a dual major in biochemistry and Spanish literature and graduated with high honors from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston as a member of the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society.She completed training in internal medicine at Washington University in St. Louis/Barnes-Jewish Hospital, where she also served as a chief resident at their VA hospital. She completed her training in cardiovascular diseases at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., with additional subspecialty training in non-invasive cardiac imaging. She has completed level III certification (the highest level of certification, which is required to be a clinical lab director) in echocardiography, cardiac CT, and cardiac MRI, and also has specialty training in nuclear stress testing.Asrani is board-certified in internal medicine and cardiovascular diseases. Her professional interests include general cardiology; women's cardiovascular health; and non-invasive imaging, including cardiac CT and MRI.Asrani is married and has four children. In her free time, she enjoys spending time with her family, cooking and traveling. Dr. Asrani is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Apoplexy. Her top areas of expertise are Pediatric Myocarditis, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Edema, and Arrhythmias.